Human
Development
Human Development as it relates to
economics and standard of living. In layman language, human development is
getting basic amenities like food, shelter, clothing, education, health etc. Human
Development is not only growth in income, wealth or consumption but the
expansion of human capabilities.
Human development Index (HDI) is an
index used to rank countries by level of “human development”, which usually
also implies whether a country is developed, developing or under developed. The
Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite index covering longevity measured
by life expectancy at birth, educational attainment computed as a combination
of adult literacy and enrolment ratios at the primary, secondary and tertiary
levels combined and the standard of living measured by per capita, real GDP
adjusted for purchasing power parity in dollors.
Human development Index (HDI) was
launched by Mahbub ul haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose: “to shift the focus of
development economics from national income accounting to people centered
policies.” Mahbub
ul Haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed
in order to convince the public, academics, and policy-makers that they can and
should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements
in human well-being. Amartya Sen initially opposed this idea, but he went on to
help Haq develop the Human Development Index (HDI). Sen was worried that it was
difficult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities in a single
index but Haq persuaded him that only a single number would shift the attention
of policy-makers from concentration on economic to human well-being. The HDI has been used since 1990 by the United
Nations Development Programme for its annual Human Development Reports.
Three dimensions in the HDI
The HDI combines three dimensions
·
Life expectancy
at birth, as an index of population health and longevity
·
Knowledge and
education, as measured by the adult literacy rate (with two-thirds weighting)
and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrollment ration (with
one-thirds weighting).
·
Standard of
living, as measured by natural logarithm of gross domestic product per capita
at purchasing power parity.
by:-
Sheikh hilal ahmad hayat
9596630606
