Maqbool Sherwani

 

Humam Development

Human Development

Human Development as it relates to economics and standard of living. In layman language, human development is getting basic amenities like food, shelter, clothing, education, health etc. Human Development is not only growth in income, wealth or consumption but the expansion of human capabilities.

Human development Index (HDI) is an index used to rank countries by level of “human development”, which usually also implies whether a country is developed, developing or under developed. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite index covering longevity measured by life expectancy at birth, educational attainment computed as a combination of adult literacy and enrolment ratios at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels combined and the standard of living measured by per capita, real GDP adjusted for purchasing power parity in dollors.

Human development Index (HDI) was launched by Mahbub ul haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose: “to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people centered policies.” Mahbub ul Haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed in order to convince the public, academics, and policy-makers that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being. Amartya Sen initially opposed this idea, but he went on to help Haq develop the Human Development Index (HDI). Sen was worried that it was difficult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index but Haq persuaded him that only a single number would shift the attention of policy-makers from concentration on economic to human well-being. The HDI has been used since 1990 by the United Nations Development Programme for its annual Human Development Reports.

Three dimensions in the HDI

The HDI combines three dimensions

·        Life expectancy at birth, as an index of population health and longevity

·        Knowledge and education, as measured by the adult literacy rate (with two-thirds weighting) and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrollment ration (with one-thirds weighting).

·        Standard of living, as measured by natural logarithm of gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity.

                      by:-

                                                                                                                        

Sheikh hilal ahmad hayat

  9596630606

                         1st July  Historical win by Ahlesunnat over Deobandi :-  In  (Munazira )
                                                       IN  KASHMIR VALLEY

                      The initiation  of the Munazira  came when deobandi ulma gave challenge to the Ulma-e- Ahlesunnat in chander gavoo in Pulwama during a Seerat conference celebration that was held by sunni muslims.  It took such a situation that all religious , social and political parties are now focusing on this matter. but what will happen on 1st July ... it was a great waiting  for every one to watch  a big show , but ultimately deobandi left the field of competition. They prefer not to come rather than to face the tigers of Ahlesunnat .

Faces of Our Leaders

              "How many faces are presents in the packet of a leader of today"

                       It is very difficult or you can say impossible for any unit, an organisation, a society , community and a country to reach their goal with out right leaders. Todays our leaders use different ways to make their   followers fool . but such type of leadership works very little time and ultimately crashes very badly at the end of the day .

From last four consecutive days we saw many types of gatherings and many big lectures and more....but the result was as aspected , because in our valley Kashmir (india) everything is done with the choice of politicians with mutual understandings of so called society leaders.Here is some thing important that is why we saw big demands and big lectures these type of leaders against government the reason is ........ Because only to settle LD( leen deen) depends upon the situation if situation is critical the price well critical .
The only lose is the lose of lives  innocent peoples who came in the trap of these bloody criminal leaders. The only way to prevent the lives of these innocent peoples is to thrown out the criminal leaders out of the game.

Our future is day by day goes into downward slope...  the reason for this is that everything is planned from initiation to time of execution, but ultimately at the time of action our leaders came with different face and comes with again and again and every time with new face and time you make a new mistake ...........and the process is continuously running from more than 20 years.

lastly i want to say one or two leaders are present in our society who really want to change our society but their movement is always restricted and prisoned by government. 
(Regarding the recent Tragedy of Dastgeer Sahib(RA) shrine.)     PEOPLE WILL UNDERSTAND RIGHT THINGS WITH PASSAGE OF TIME ...........The only hope now we have.............

     hilal hayat

Dastgeer Sahib Shrine khanyar gutted in blaze

Dastgeer  Sahib  Shrine Khanyar :

A sorrow movement rapidally  spread over the valley of kashmir and outside country as well

when the news came that Dastgeer Sahib Shrine khanyar was been blaze Monday morning at

6:30 almost whole shrine is destroyed by fire mostly the wood structure of  Dargarh . Now a

different types of comments coming from different peoples regarding this incident , what is the reason

behind the tragedy ......... the first answer is shot circuit ( Government) it came initially and will come

after the investigation report . It is simple because Government never want to give right information to

general public because they knew that people of Kashmir may repeat the history. It would be impossible

for government to held the people thereafter.

 Now it is a very difficult situation for Government to handle but here is need to play politics and the

Government of state play it very well, as we saw in Shopian Case ( Murder and Rape of two girls)  . But

with respect of time people know more about government and their policies.

It is fourth consecutive day the normal life in  the valley  is distributed. Tommarrow is a black Friday  and

Ulmma Al-e-Sunnat  have already giving Call     (Khanyar Chalo)   so what happen tommarrow God Knows

better ............... contd.... it seems very difficult to handle the situation tom marrow in Srinagar .

hilalhayat.blogspot.com
9596630606

The Benefits of Financial Globalization

The Benefits of Financial Globalization :-

Increased international capital mobility has both potential benefits and costs. Most economists agree that the two main benefits are inter-temporal trade and risk diversification. Inter-temporal trade allows for smoothing spending over time.

For example during his working life a person may reduce his current income and save in order to maintain a high level of consumption during retirement, or a student may take out a loan so he can consume comfortably today and pay back this loan by foregoing future consumption when his income is high.

In a similar fashion a poor country like Bangladesh or Nigeria can borrow funds in the global capital market in order to spend more than its current national income level and repay these funds in the future when domestic income is higher. Rich countries on the hand can lend funds through the global capital market so that they can maintain the high level of consumption they enjoy now into the future.

Inter-temporal trade only helps to smooth consumption if the funds a country borrows or lends are invested in profitable projects that bring a higher future income. A student may take out a loan to get an education to provide a higher future income and the means to pay back the loan. This is less likely if she squanders the money on the high life. In the same manner funds that flow into a low income country must also be partly invested in the domestic economy in a way that promotes future growth. Of course lenders are also concerned about the soundness of these investments since they expect to be repaid.

But, why should wealthy countries provide capital to less fortunate countries? The four decades preceding World War–I show why international capital should flow from rich to poor countries and highlight the benefits of inter-temporal trade. The main economic powers at that time included the United Kingdom, Germany, and France. They had built up high levels of capital through industrialization but the returns on domestic investment had tapered off. This so called diminishing returns to capital is a natural occurrence in an economy.

Consider the effects of the first machine provided to a worker – it makes him much more productive but with each additional machine provided the worker’s additional output declines. When a worker who already operates ten machines is given an extra machine it will not make him much more productive.

As returns on investment declined in Europe, lenders started to look elsewhere. The emerging economies of the Americas such as Canada, Argentina, and the U.S were in dire need of funds to build railroads and ports and link agricultural production to cities. So capital flowed in vast amounts from the U.K, Germany, and France directly into the Americas. In 1880 the U.K’s net outflow of capital was about 5% of its total income which by today’s measures is very large. By 1913 it had grown to almost 10%. As a result Argentina became one of the world’s richest countries. Her per-capita income grew from 40% that of the U.K in 1870 to 75% in 1913. This episode of financial integration from 1870 to 1913 is referred to as the “First Age of Globalization” and is used as an example of how inter-temporal trade led to increased world growth.

The second benefit from financial globalization is portfolio diversification. This refers to the reduced risk to a lender who places his savings in various assets of different characteristics not putting all his eggs in one basket.

A global capital market means savers are not restricted to domestic assets but can diversify their portfolio by investing abroad. This makes investors less vulnerable to fluctuations in the domestic economy. Portfolio diversification has increased dramatically since the 1970s as many countries have reduced restrictions on cross-border capital mobility. Banks and mutual funds allow even small lenders such as private citizens to invest in foreign stocks and bonds. In 2004 the U.S foreign assets position was valued at almost 10 trillion dollars. That figure is staggering considering it corresponds to more than 80% of total U.S income in 2004. Compare that to 1982 when the U.S foreign assets position was only around one-fourth of the country’s income. Proponents of financial globalization argue that this increased diversification in asset holdings has greatly reduced risk in financial markets.

Ways to improve your self confidence :

Ways to improve your self confidence:

The word self confidence consist of two words self + confidence. The self means almost everything that you think belongs to you. These things might include your body, health, relationships, academic qualification, various skills, knowledge, wealth, society, country etc. Confidence means that you evaluate those things positively and believe that you can rely... on them to achieve your goals in life.
It is quite interesting to note that some time people who are having almost similar level of assets, i.e. people belonging to same family, working in similar positions in organizations, having equal qualification level might considerably differ in their level of confidence. It means that other than external factors there must be some inner thought process, which might be affecting the confidence level of the person. Under given are some psychological techniques to help you to improve the your confidence level
1. Love your self
It is a common experience that if we feel positive about some person we can give various arguments to prove that person good. Similarly if somebody does not like same person, he can also give enough arguments to prove his point. The same thing holds true when we are talking about ourselves. So first thing we need to do is to start feeling good about ourselves. Many people do not feel good about themselves because they continuously use other people given criteria’s to evaluate themselves. The society given criteria may include good physique, dashing life partner, money, must be able to speak a particular language, good academic record, lots of friends etc. before feeling good about yourself.
It is a common dialogue in movies, in which angry father of a heroine asks the hero, “Who gave you the permission to love my daughter”? The father lays down may conditions for the hero before the two can get married. Same happens in real life where a person can only love himself when he has fulfilled majority of the criteria’s given by society. In some cases the person himself lays down so many goals and conditions before he can love himself. My friends, the one person who needs your love most in this world is you. Just to remind you that love is always without conditions. Every person born in this world has certain strengths and certain weaknesses. So you are not an exception. So love yourself in spite of all the worst things you can think about yourself.
Action plan: On the top of a page write the following statement
I LOVE MY SELF BECAUSE
Now write at least 10 reasons and it will be better you can reach 25.
(Reason may include any thing that you love about yourself like your physique, behaviour, helping nature, style, respect for elders etc,. )

My all time Mentor 

Prof. Sohan Chandel

thanks And regards 

Hilal Hayat

Tsunami

Tsunami

   Tsunami, Japanese word, meaning “harbor wave” and used as the scientific term

for seismic sea waveGenerated by an undersea earthquake or possibly an undersea

landslide or volcanic eruption. When the Ocean floor is tilted or offset during an

earthquake; a set of waves is created similar to the concentric   Waves generated by

an object dropped into the water. Most tsunamis originate along the ring of fire, a

zone of volcanoes and seismic activity , 32500 km (24,000mi) long, that encircles

the pacific ocean. Since1819, about 40 tsunamis have struck the Hawallan islands.

A Tsunami can have wavelengths, or widths, of 100 to 200 km (60 to 120 mi), and

 may travel hundreds Of kilometers across the deep ocean, reaching speeds of

  about 725 to 800 km/h (about 450 to 500 mph)

Upon entering shallow coasted wasters, the wave which may have been only about

half a meter (a foot Or two) high out at sea, suddenly grows rapidly. When the

 wave reaches the shore, it may be 15 m (50ft) high or more. Tsunamis have

 tremendous energy because of the great volume of water affected. They are

Capable of obliterating coastal settlements.

Tsunami should not be confused with storm surges, which are domes of water that

rise underneath hurricanes or cyclones and cause extensive coastal flooding when

 the storms reach land. Storm surges are particularly devastating if they occur at

 high tide. A cyclone and accompanying storm surge killed an estimated

500,000people in Bangladesh in 1970.

www.hilalhayat.blogspot.com

Food Wastage

Food Wastage

Developed World Food Shortage

PROPHET   MOHAMMAD SAW,    prohibited all types of wastage particularly the food wastage

The reason is …………..?

    There are nearly one billion malnourished people in the world mostly in the developing and the underdeveloped world and with the recent food crisis , spiraling food prices across the globe in recent times and the numerous figures regarding demand outstripping supply , there are some astonishing faults about the global food trends that it corrected can solve the food crisis in the long term . in the USA , 40 million tonnes of food is wasted by households, retailers and food services each year which is enough to satisfy the hunger of the nearly 1 billion malnourished people on the earth. The total quality of water used globally for irrigation and the amount of food that goes wasted is estimated to be enough for domestic needs (at 200 litres per person per day ) of nine billion people –the expected population of the planet by 2050. With the climate change and global warming crises looming and the reduction of the global green cover, a study suggests that afforestation on land currently used  to produce surplus and wasted food can offset a theoretical maximum of 100% of man-made greenhouse gas emissions. in fact , rich countries' 10% greenhouse gas emissions are produced from preparing food that is never eaten. UK, US and Europe have nearly twice as much food as required by their populations.if crops wastefully fed to livestock are included, European countries have more than three times more food than they need, while the US has around four times more food than needed. 

hilal hayat.

                               

A village of Kashmir Valley

                                       Kashmiri Wazwan:

Here we shall not discuss in detail the food and dietary items consumed by the people, as it has already mentioned previously. Here we shall only discuss about kashmiri wazwan- kashmiri cusine -.the history of kashmiri wazwan can be traced back to the 15^th century invasion of India by Timur, and the migration of 1700 accomplished wood carvers, weavers architects, calligraphers and cooks from Samarkand to the valley of Kashmir. The descendants of these cooks, the wazas , are the mastercheifs of Kashmir. These wazas make dozens of dishes, mostly of meat , cooked our night by the mastercheif , wazas. Guests are seated in groups of four and share the meal out of a large metal plate, called the Trami. The meal begins with a ritual washing of hands at a basin, called Tasht-e-nar. Then the Tramies arrive heaped with rice , quarted by four sekh kababs , contains

Four pieces of Methi korma , one Tabak maz , one Safed murg. Cord and chitney are served separately.

Mostly common served are the Ristas , are meat balls of finely pounded mutton and cooked in a gravy . Sekh Kababs , Tabak maz , are flat pieces of meat cut from the ribs and fired till the acquire a crackling texture. Yakhni ows its cream colour to the use of curd as a base to meat balls. Yakhni is the last dish to be served. Besides some vegetables like naddu ,etc are also served in wazwan .

                    Breads :

All the local bakery shopes serve typical kashmiri breads like shermaal , bakerkhani , girda. Lavas is a cream colored unleveled breads without which no breakfast is complete. 


    Kangar (kashmiri Fire pot)

Kangar which forms such a important part of kashmiri’s life must not be lift unnoticed . The kangari is a small earthenware bowl of quaint shape, held in a frame of wiker work. In the winter and even in summer when the rains chill the air, heart embers are put in to the kangar and are slipped under voluminous gown (pharan) which all kashmiri wear.

          Chinar/Maple (Boni) :

I think there is no exageretion in saying that chinar tree, commonly known as Boni is the trade mark of kashmiri culture and our village is no exception. The voluminous shade of the chinar tree is highly conducive and

Comfortable for health and gives a cool breeze. But unfortunately the number of chinar trees divides day by day and if this trend goes unjacked the time is not for away when the tree will get extinct from the soil of Kashmir .

                   Customs of birth , death and marriages :

Birth; immediately after the birth of a child a respectable a Muslim name is given to him or her either by the eldest member of the family or by the pir(spiritual master). Then after six to seven months, the head of the child is clean shaved. This custom of clean shaving of head of the child is locally known as Zade-kasen. Generally some reverential place, like the shrine of a sufi or a rishi is choosen for this custom.

Death; Muslims believe in life after death. When a Muslim approaches his death, he is laidon bed with his head towards the north and feet towards the south known as Akher shand . after death the corps is breathed and wrapped in white cloth (kafan) the body is then carried in a coffin (taboot) to the graveyard where it is buried in the grave. At the time burial, Quranic verses are recited by the side of the grave, and supplications and prayers are made for the departed soul by nearby relatives and neighbours. There is active mourning in the family of dead for three connective days and on the fourth day chahrum is observed. During this day, Quranic verses are recited at the deceased home commonly known as Fath khawani are churem.Meal is also arranged During this day for relatives coming from far off distances.

Marriage; Marriage has been the most notable social institution since times immemorial. It has been the primary responsibility of the parents to arrange the marriage of their children.

First of all the services of a match-maker, commonly known as Manzimyour, are availed to get a suitable bride. After the match is fixed the bethrotal ceremony, known as Nishan, takes place in which the groom’s father with some relatives visited and takes presents to the girls house. The visit is later paid back by the bride’s father and her relatives. Later a date is fixed for the marriage, Sathnama, which is duly solemnized in the Nikah ceremony. In the same ceremony a formal consent is elicited from both sides, and the amount of Mahr to be paid by the groom to the bride is fixed.

On the preceding day of marriage, Khander, the groom’s father sends some Mehendi to the bride’s house with which she strains her feet and hands, while the women folk sing traditional folk songs. This night of celebrations and dying the hands and feet is known as Manzraat(the night of applying Mehendi). Bridegroom is commonly known as Maharaz and bride as Maharen.

Next day, the groom visits the brides house along with his friends and relatives (Baratis) and a feast is served to the guests. After the feast is over, the Rukhsati or departure of bride to her father-in-law’s house takes place. A female relative known as Dudmouj accompanies the bride who gives her instructions regarding the formalities to be observed. On reaching her father-in-law’s house the bride is taken to a room which specially decorated for her. After the bride’s arrival, her mother-in-law takes the veil off from bride’s face, and at the same time, the bride passes on a handker-chief containing some golden ornaments or cash to her and this is regarded as mother-in-law’s prerequisite or Hashkent.

It is also worth mentioning here that during this day, hander, a great feast (Sal) is served in both groom’s and bride’s house for public, in which the world famous and choicest Wazwan dishes are served.

Carpet Weaving Industry in Kashmir

Carpet Weaving Industry: Kashmir

Last but not the least among the village oriented small scale handmade industry which deserves here a special mention, and which had once revolutionized the village economy, is the carpet weaving industry (kalin). This handmade industry was introduced in our village by 1970’s, reached to its pinnacle and heights in no time in 1980’s and then very rapidly started to decline from the last decade of the 20^th century.

The process of a production of a carpet was long and laborious. It involved several steps such as cultivation of silk or wool, treating and dying it, deciding the pattern of carpet weaving and then adding the final touches.

Mostly the system which was in vogue was somewhat very similar to Dadni system with the trader of nearby village or locality, or even with the trader of Srinagar, who used to provide raw material and the loom on which the carpet was weaved.

From 1985 to 1994 this industry flourished and reached to its highest pitch of glory in our village. Its popularity can be gauged from the fact that this industrial unit was established in almost each and every household, a nearly two to three members on an average of an every household were involved in carpet weaved. This industry has revolutionized the village economy during the period of its pinnacle and culmination to such an extent that the people threw away their government jobs and get involved in this industry.

But from the beginning of the last decade of 20^th century this industry declined very sharply and in no time got completely ruined and disappeared from our village and locality. While interviewing various persons (weavers) who were involved with this industry, I came to know about various factors which led to the ruination of the industry. I have categorized these incomitant factors under the following heads:

(a)Competition in outside market: As the machine made less expensive carpets from others parts of India made their way in to the market, there remained fewer buyers for Kashmiri handmade carpets. Thus this craft which was considered as the trade mark of Kashmir succumbed to the competition, both from within and outside the state the state of Jammu & Kashmir.

(b)Sub standard use of raw material: Though initially the material used in the Kashmiri carpet was the finest quality, but after the lapse of time when the weavers begin to face a competition in markets they took recourse to the use of sub standard raw material. This degradation has not only dented the image and reputation of Kashmiri carpets but also let to the diminishing international market.

(c)No innovation by weavers: lack of innovations in carpets was yet another cause responsible for the decline of this craft. Despite the competition the weavers remained stick to their traditional and age old designs and patterns of flora and fauna.

hilal hayat 

www.hilalhayat.blogspot.com

9596630606

Marketing Explanation

Explaining marketing concepts to Students in a different manner :-

 1. You see a gorgeous girl at a party. You go up to her and say: "I am very
rich. "Marry me!" - *That's Direct Marketing"*



2. You're at a party with a bunch of friends and see a gorgeous girl. One of
your friends goes up to her and pointing at you says: "He's very rich.
"Marry him." -*That's Advertising*"



3. You see a gorgeous girl at a party. You go up to her and get her
telephone number. The next day, you call and say: "Hi, I'm very rich. "Marry
me - *That's Telemarketing*"


4. You're at a party and see gorgeous girl. You get up and straighten your
tie, you walk up to her and pour her a drink, you open the door (of the car)
for her, pick up her bag after she drops it, offer her ride and then say:
"By the way, I'm rich. Will you "Marry Me?" - *That's Public Relations*



5. You're at a party and see gorgeous girl. She walks up to you and
says:"You are very rich! "Can you marry ! me?" - *That's Brand Recognition*



6. You see a gorgeous girl at a party. You go up to her and say: "I am very
rich. Marry me!" She gives you a nice hard slap on your face. - "*That's
Customer Feedback*"



7. You see a gorgeous girl at a party. You go up to her and say: "I am very
rich. Marry me!" And she introduces you to her husband. - *"That's demand
and supply gap"*



8. You see a gorgeous girl at a party. You go up to her and before you say
anything, another person come and tell her: "I'm rich. Will you marry me?"
and she
goes with him - *"That's competition eating into your market* *share"*

Microwave

Microwave Oven Introduction A microwave oven, or simply a microwave, is a kitchen appliance that cooks or heats food by dielectric heating. This is accomplished by using microwave radiation to heat polarized molecules within the food. This excitation is fairly uniform, leading to food being more evenly heated throughout (except in dense objects) than generally occurs in other cooking techniques. Basic microwave ovens heat foods quickly and efficiently, but do not brown or bake food in the way conventional ovens do. This makes them unsuitable for cooking certain foods, or to achieve certain culinary effects. Additional kinds of heat sources can be added to microwave packaging, or into combination microwave ovens, to add these additional effects. Microwave ovens are generally used for time efficiency in both commercial applications, such as restaurants, in the office and at home, rather than for cooking quality, although some modern recipes using microwave ovens rival recipes using traditional ovens and stoves. Professional chefs generally find microwave ovens to be of limited usefulness because browning, caramelization, and other flavor-enhancing reactions cannot occur due to the temperature range. On the other hand, people who want fast cooking times can use microwave ovens to prepare food or to reheat stored food (including commercially available pre-cooked frozen dishes) in only a few minutes. Microwave Ovens can also be used to defrost items that will later be cooked by traditional methods, cutting the time it takes to defrost foods naturally. Microwave ovens are also useful for the ease in which they can perform some traditionally cumbersome kitchen tasks, such as softening butter or melting chocolate. Microwaves are a form of energy which are absorbed by the food placed inside the microwave oven cavity. Microwaves make the water molecules inside the food vibrate so that they rub against each other causing friction. It is this friction that produces the heat that actually cooks the food. Cooking in a microwave oven is different to any other type of cooking and you have to use different methods because:- In a microwave the heat is produced inside the food. In all other cooking methods, heat is applied from outside. Microwave energy penetrates the food to a depth of about 25mm. Microwaves are similar to light and they are emitted downwards from the top of the microwave oven cavity. The waves bounce off the metal sides of the cavity, hitting the food from different angles. Theses microwaves do not hit the food evenly. To minimize this effect, the oven either has a rotating turntable or a paddle wheel in the roof to stir up the microwaves but there are still problems with uneven heating. Major Problems with Microwave ovens Food cooks very quickly and is liable to be overcooked. Hot and cold spots can occur producing food that is unevenly cooked. Microwaves cannot brown food as no heat is applied from the outside. The outer edges of the food get hot while the centre remains cool. Metal pans, plates, utensils etc. will permanently damage the microwave generator. Cooking small quantities of food can damage the microwave generator. Never turn on an empty oven as it will damage the microwave generator. Waste food left on the inside of the oven cavity absorbs energy. Salt added at the beginning of cooking toughens food especially meat. Not all foods can be cooked in a microwave. The size of the oven cavity limits the quantity and size of the food to be cooked. Some Advantages Microwave ovens rapidly cook foods, heat liquids and defrost frozen foods. Some foods are better cooked in a microwave oven as they retain more flavor, texture and goodness. (eg. plain fish, soft fruit, peas, fat free cakes). Microwaves are safe and economical on electricity with savings up to 50%. No oven preheating is required and the kitchen stays cooler. Cooking is cleaner with less odors. Washing up is reduced. A microwave oven can be used with a conventional oven to speed up the cooking such things as bread. Some Pros and Cons of Microwave Ovens: The more the energy supplied the faster and better the food gets cooked. This is possible by either increasing the power supply to the oven or by increasing the cooking time. Microwave ovens have a whole lot of advantages than disadvantages. Some foods when cooked in these ovens retain their flavor and taste than when cooked in the traditional methods. These ovens are also cost efficient on electricity and are also safe to use. Also these machines do not require pre-heating as in a traditional oven, and can be used immediately upon switching on. This also helps in the surroundings being cooler, unlike the gas stove that heats up the kitchen area, thus making it hot and uncomfortable to work. This type of cooking also reduces cooking odors which accompany while cooking on gas stoves. Also cleaner kitchens can be achieved, as less food spills are caused in this method. The effort of washing of gas stoves is reduced as these ovens neednt' be washed, they can just be wiped off the dirt and food. With a combination oven that includes a conventional and microwave oven, cooking can get faster and effortless as well. A coin has two sides and so does any device. A microwave oven too has its own advantages and disadvantages. Some of the major disadvantages could be that the food gets cooked faster which could result in over cooking of the food. The food can tend to get cooked unevenly, with hot food being on top and cold and uncooked food at the bottom, and so food has to be stirred, at regular intervals, in order to cook food correctly. Microwave oven need specific utensils to cook food as not all metals and alloy vessels can be used. Also all types of food cannot be cooked in a microwave oven; there are certain restrictions as well. A microwave oven has many positive features and few negative aspects as well. It depends on the usage and need of the individual to go for this type of oven, along with necessary features and options. High frequency electromagnetic waves, also called as microwaves are emitted when food is cooked in the microwave oven. These microwaves produce the heat and cook each and every particle of the food. Microwave oven is a kitchen appliance which saves your cooking time and makes food tastier. Microwave oven consumes very less electricity and is easy to use. You may end up purchasing one after learning the benefits of the microwave oven. Read on and you will know why we say so. Microwave oven saves time  The important benefit of a microwave oven is the 'time efficiency'. As compared to the traditional methods of cooking, microwave ovens take very little time to cook. A microwave oven has a timer which enables us to set the time for cooking food. When timer runs out, the oven turns off automatically. Different times are set to cook different types of food items. For instance water can get boiled in one minute; cookies will take longer time to bake. Easy to heat food Tasks like heating remaining food (reheating), making crunchy pop-corns, defrosting frozen food, and heating packaged food are quite easy by using a microwave oven as compared to conventional cooking range, old fashioned ovens or stoves. Microwave ovens do not get hot themselves while heating the food. Easy to clean  Microwave ovens are easy to maintain and clean. What you need is a damp cotton cloth or a sponge. Wipe the oven from inside and you are done. To get rid of the smell of food, boil the bowl of water in the oven with a few drops of lemon juice in it and your oven is ready to use again. No need to keep a watch  Microwave cooking does not need supervision. Remember, how crazy you go while stirring curry, keeping an eye on the pressure cooker and waiting to hear the whistle, and making salad all at the same time. You will be relaxed while cooking with a microwave oven. Place the food, set the time, stir in between if necessary and remove the food once it is done. You can take that phone call while your food is being prepared in the microwave oven. Retains nutrients and vitamins in the food  Vegetables boiled in the microwave safe bowl are much healthier than boiled in the pan on the gas burner. Microwave cooking retains the nutritive values of the food. It retains vitamins and mineral in the food. Food gets cooked evenly in the microwave oven and it tastes delicious. Safety tips while using microwave oven  Closed containers and raw eggs can burst when heated in a microwave oven due to the stress build-up of steam. Liquids if over heated may result in violent burst of water and vapor resulting in liquid and steam burns. Certain safety precautions are must while handling any electronic appliance. Keep in mind the following safety tips while handling microwave oven. Use cookware meant for microwave cooking. Do not use metal or plastic cookware to cook in the microwave oven. Do not forget to wear gloves while taking out the food from the oven. You can find these gloves easily in the market.  If your microwave oven is not working, then do not try to repair it by yourself. Call your service provider. If you think that something is wrong with your microwave oven like spark or fire, put off the main switch with the use of the wooden stick or any other insulated object. Call your service provider. Strictly follow the rules displayed in the manual that comes along with the microwave oven. You can make thousands of recipes with the help of your microwave oven. Breakfast will be made faster than ever before. In the early stages of its introduction, it was primarily used for reheating stored or refrigerated food and to make popcorn. The main advantage of a microwave oven is that it can heat the food without heating the cookware directly. The food becomes hot first and then the cookware or the pan gets heated through the food in it. This phenomenon is a unique feature of the utility over the conventional ovens or stoves. In the subsequent periods it has become multipurpose equipment. Many new features were incorporated to facilitate baking, roasting, grilling and toasting apart from the usual cooking methods. The users are also benefited with the efficiency and economy that are offered by the microwave oven. The most popular type of microwave oven is the small or portable one which can be placed on the kitchen worktop. It is known as compact size microwave oven and used for defrosting or heating food items. The bigger model is the medium sized one which can accommodate casseroles etc to cook vegetable and meat. The largest one is for cooking food in a large scale. Another model is the built in microwave oven, which can be installed only by professional technicians. The power consumption depends on the size of the oven. When the compact size requires 500 to 1000 watts of electricity, the largest size will work on wattage of 2000 or more. The special feature is the convection oven which will be equipped with a fan to circulate heat evenly so that the heating or cooking process will be faster. This type is an ideal one for small eateries or large households. Both built-in type and convection ovens are very expensive. They can be used for browning and broiling the meat in the course of cooking. But in totality, the microwave oven is used for its efficiency and convenience and not very much for the qualitative advantages. The dieticians recommend microwave oven only for heating, browning and caramelisation. Many experts warn that nutritious values of vegetable will be lost in microwave cooking. Some reports caution that a microwave oven will divest the vitamin contents and phytonutrients of the food due to the radiation. Regular intake of food cooked in microwave oven will cause obesity and related diseases. Like many other facilities available to those who lead a busy lifestyle, the microwave oven may also contribute to certain hazards. The best option is to use it selectively. It can be used for reheating, melting and making popcorn. Many new features are incorporated in the modern versions like facility to programmed the cooking process. Timers are provided to cut off the power once the cooking is completed. Maintenance of microwave ovens is important. The utility should be cleaned immediately after the use. The filters provided are easily removable to facilitate periodical cleaning. The turn table should be taken out and cleaned. Proper maintenance will ensure durability of the oven. The user should carefully read all the instructions in the manual issued by the manufacturers along with the product. Microwave ovens are available in different sizes.  Portable sizes can be accommodated on the kitchen worktop.  Larger ones are capable of handling casseroles and bigger utensils.  Such large sized ovens are used for cooking food also.  Convection microwave oven is a new version with heating element and a fan to facilitate heat transfer upwards.  This type of oven is expensive than conventional appliance. However there are many disadvantages attributed to this type of cooking method.  According to the experts and dieticians, regular and continuous use of microwave ovens will affect the nutritive value of the food adversely.  The radiation process involved in the microwave cooking actually heat up the molecules to the extent of destroying the vitamins and certain natural nutrients contained in the food.  Some experts estimate that almost ninety seven per cent of the nutritive value will be lost by the microwave cooking.  It is therefore advised that microwave oven should be used sparingly for the purpose of defrosting or heating the stored food.  If necessary it can be used to expedite cooking process in unavoidable circumstances.  However, the fact remains that the quality of food will be less nutritive than the food cooked in the conventional stoves. Keeping in mind such hazardous consequences, consumers can buy and use microwave ovens for limited purposes.  Varieties of models are offered by the market to cater the increasing demands for this modern utility.  Many new features are incorporated in the new models.  Non-stick interior quoting to facilitate easier cleaning of spilled food items and grease filters which can be removed for cleaning are some of the additional features.  In some models removable turntables are provided for the convenience of the users.  The consumers should insist on warranty and after sale service while buying microwave ovens. Many online dealers offer attractive discounts and free shipping. Convection Microwave Oven: Convection microwave oven gives you dual advantage i.e. it provides you the benefits of both microwave as well as convection ovens. It is very effective in baking, roasting, cooking and heating the food. It has become an essential appliance in today’s kitchen as it has made cooking convenient and faster for us. Besides using the microwave technology, convection microwave oven also uses an airflow circulation technique. This helps you in cooking your food quickly and evenly. These have in-built sensors that help to adjust the cooking time. These ovens are considered as high-end models of the microwave oven, and so are more expensive than the conventional microwave oven. This type of microwave oven is very useful for baking. It helps you to bake delicious cakes, which are soft from inside and crisp brown from the outside. This is due to the airflow circulation technique present in these ovens. While giving you the benefits of convection ovens, it also provides you with the advantages of microwave like quick heating, thawing and cooking. Thus, it is an appliance that makes cooking easier for us. Once you decide to buy a convection microwave oven, then you have to try to choose the best one for yourself. There are so many brands and models of these ovens available in the market. The different models vary in size, features, design, colors, power consumption etc. Things To Remember While Buying Convection Microwave Oven: Decide the purpose for which you want to buy the microwave oven. If you want it for just re-heating your food, its better that you buy a conventional microwave rather than a microwave oven. This will save your money. This type of microwave oven is useful if you are interested in cooking a variety of foods and baking cakes. You should decide the budget for the oven. You should decide on the size of the microwave oven that you want to buy. Always check the different offers available in the market which will help you to get the best deal for microwave oven. Some Major Pros and Cons of Microwave Oven: A fast and convenient appliance, microwave oven is now an unavoidable utility in the modern kitchen. No wonder, it has attained unprecedented popularity through out the world. Consumers are fascinated by the innovative features incorporated in the latest versions, thanks to the evolving technology. Today it is a multipurpose kitchen appliance used for not only defrosting or reheating stored food, but also for baking, roasting, grilling and toasting. A remarkable feature of the microwave oven is that it facilitates fat free cooking, which is recommended for persons with health problems. Widely used in the catering sector as well as in the households, the microwave oven is lauded for its rapidity and energy efficiency. The early versions of this utility were mainly used to reheat the frozen food and to make popcorn. The special feature of this facility is that the food gets heated first, and then the heat will be slowly radiated to the cookware. As a result, cooking process will be less messy. The absence of smoke is another advantage. Microwave ovens are available in different sizes. Portable sizes can be accommodated on the kitchen worktop. Larger ones are capable of handling casseroles and bigger utensils. Such large sized ovens are used for cooking food also. Convection microwave oven is a new version with heating element and a fan to facilitate heat transfer upwards. This type of oven is expensive than conventional appliance. However there are many disadvantages attributed to this type of cooking method. According to the experts and dieticians, regular and continuous use of microwave ovens will affect the nutritive value of the food adversely. The radiation process involved in the microwave cooking actually heat up the molecules to the extent of destroying the vitamins and certain natural nutrients contained in the food. Some experts estimate that almost ninety seven per cent of the nutritive value will be lost by the microwave cooking. It is therefore advised that microwave oven should be used sparingly for the purpose of defrosting or heating the stored food. If necessary it can be used to expedite cooking process in unavoidable circumstances. However, the fact remains that the quality of food will be less nutritive than the food cooked in the conventional stoves. Keeping in mind such hazardous consequences, consumers can buy and use microwave ovens for limited purposes. Microwave ovens (or microwaves for short) can be found in most households in the United States because of their convenience for heating food efficiently and quickly. The microwave is approved for use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but there are natural health practitioners who believe that the appliance is not safe for cooking food. Also, while a microwave can do many things, it cannot cook everything as well as an oven or stove. Items You Cannot Cook Microwaves can be used to cook many safe plastic containers, but there are some items that microwaves may melt or spark a fire. Metal items are never approved for use in a microwave. When metal is cooked in a microwave, it functions as an antenna for electrical current in the device and can lead to fire and explosion. Some items that contain metal are metal twist ties, metal pans, Chinese take-out containers, China with metallic trim or paint, and aluminum foil. Other various containers that can cause a microwave malfunction include brown paper bags, cottage cheese tubs, foam insulated cups or bowls and newspapers. Burnout and Superheating The phenomenon known as burnout occurs when a microwave is set to cook with no food in the oven or if a dehydrated food is cooked. Burnout is when the magnetron tube of the microwave literally cooks itself and the poisonous beryllium is released after breaking. Superheating occurs when an object is heated above its boiling point and disturbed in such a way that it explodes. This can happen with closed water containers and closed containers with eggs. When these items are disturbed after cooking, they may erupt and burn the user. Loss of Nutrients  A study at Osaka Prefecture University in 1998 showed that cooking pork, beef and milk in a microwave oven lowered the amount of vitamin B12 by 30 to 40 percent. A study by Cornell University showed that microwaving spinach reduced the nutrient folate by a negligible amount compared to cooking it on the stove (77 percent loss). These studies show that microwaves can reduce nutritional content but not necessarily more or less than other methods of cooking. When cooking vegetables in a microwave it is best not to place them in water as it may cause much larger reduction in nutrients than when vegetables are not put in water. Theories on Negative Effects In the 1970s in Russia, the microwave was banned after a post World War II report that stated microwaves led to many possible health problems. Natural health practitioners who believe the microwave is dangerous point to this study and speculate that the device can lead to increased disease and a stronger chance of cancer. They point to success stories of individuals who stopped using microwaves and improved their health, but there are few if any scientific studies that prove increased illness from a microwave or reduced illness from not using a microwave. The most adverse effect of a microwave oven is that it superheats the liquids. The actual problem occurs when this superheated liquid is perturbed. Superheated liquid along with the disturbance are sufficient to trigger troubles. On any disturbance, the superheated liquid can burst off with force. Due to this superheating phenomenon, people recommend not to heat the infant milk using microwave. The bottle from outside looks fine and gives a false impression about the actual temperature of the milk inside the bottle. Moreover, some people believe that microwave treated milk loses its goodness. Top of the threats list is the 'superheating of liquids'. This observable fact occurs when the liquids are heated past their boiling point. When this superheated liquid is stirred or perturbed then it can burst the utensils in which it is stored with a force. Also, some people do not recommend warming the milk for infants in microwave because it is impossible to obtain the correct warmth of milk from outside the bottle. Moreover, they believe that the microwaves considerably change the integrity of the milk. Another concern is regarding bacteria and germs. People believe that if microwave can heat up food in very short span of time then it cannot kill all of the bacteria and germs. Eating such harmful food can cause some serious ailments. According to many of the peoples, microwave oven significantly alters the molecular formula of the food. This change in molecular formula decreases the nutrient quantity and quality of the food as well. In many cases, they blame microwave oven for diseases like cancer, poisoning etc. People have also concerns regarding the radiation emitted by the microwave oven. According to them, these waves can cause infertility, eye damage, headache and many serious ailments. Many people have concerns about the ability of a microwave to provide healthy food which is not properly cleaned in food service institutions. This type of food can provide only ailments and nothing else. They think that regular use of microwave-heated food can cause anemia. References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_oven http://www.techitoutuk.com/knowledge/food/microovens.html http://ezinearticles.com/?Advantages-and-Disadvantages-of-Microwave-Ovens&id=1093971 http://www.articlesbase.com/home-improvement-articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-a-microwave-oven-462429.html http://www.searchnlink.com/Articles/Advantages-and-Disadvantages-of-Microwave-Ovens-84.html http://www.indiaparenting.com/nutrition/data/nutrition034.shtml

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